diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.c b/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.c
index d246699272..cb5b98e423 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.c
@@ -39,6 +39,14 @@ char* avb_sub_cmdline(AvbOps* ops,
     char part_name[AVB_PART_NAME_MAX_SIZE];
     char guid_buf[37];
 
+    /* Don't attempt to query the partition guid unless its search string is
+     * present in the command line. Note: the original cmdline is used here,
+     * not the replaced one. See b/116010959.
+     */
+    if (avb_strstr(cmdline, replace_str[n]) == NULL) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
     if (!avb_str_concat(part_name,
                         sizeof part_name,
                         part_name_str[n],
@@ -70,7 +78,15 @@ char* avb_sub_cmdline(AvbOps* ops,
     }
   }
 
-  avb_assert(ret != NULL);
+  /* It's possible there is no _PARTUUID for replacement above.
+   * Duplicate cmdline to ret for additional substitutions below.
+   */
+  if (ret == NULL) {
+    ret = avb_strdup(cmdline);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
 
   /* Replace any additional substitutions. */
   if (additional_substitutions != NULL) {
@@ -198,21 +214,27 @@ static int cmdline_append_hex(AvbSlotVerifyData* slot_data,
 
 AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_append_options(
     AvbOps* ops,
+    AvbSlotVerifyFlags flags,
     AvbSlotVerifyData* slot_data,
     AvbVBMetaImageHeader* toplevel_vbmeta,
     AvbAlgorithmType algorithm_type,
-    AvbHashtreeErrorMode hashtree_error_mode) {
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode hashtree_error_mode,
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode resolved_hashtree_error_mode) {
   AvbSlotVerifyResult ret;
   const char* verity_mode;
   bool is_device_unlocked;
   AvbIOResult io_ret;
 
-  /* Add androidboot.vbmeta.device option. */
-  if (!cmdline_append_option(slot_data,
-                             "androidboot.vbmeta.device",
-                             "PARTUUID=$(ANDROID_VBMETA_PARTUUID)")) {
-    ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
-    goto out;
+  /* Add androidboot.vbmeta.device option... except if not using a vbmeta
+   * partition since it doesn't make sense in that case.
+   */
+  if (!(flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION)) {
+    if (!cmdline_append_option(slot_data,
+                               "androidboot.vbmeta.device",
+                               "PARTUUID=$(ANDROID_VBMETA_PARTUUID)")) {
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+      goto out;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Add androidboot.vbmeta.avb_version option. */
@@ -304,7 +326,7 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_append_options(
     const char* dm_verity_mode;
     char* new_ret;
 
-    switch (hashtree_error_mode) {
+    switch (resolved_hashtree_error_mode) {
       case AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART_AND_INVALIDATE:
         if (!cmdline_append_option(
                 slot_data, "androidboot.vbmeta.invalidate_on_error", "yes")) {
@@ -331,6 +353,11 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_append_options(
         verity_mode = "logging";
         dm_verity_mode = "ignore_corruption";
         break;
+      case AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO:
+        // Should never get here because MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO is
+        // remapped by avb_manage_hashtree_error_mode().
+        avb_assert_not_reached();
+        break;
       default:
         ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
         goto out;
@@ -349,6 +376,13 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_append_options(
     ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
     goto out;
   }
+  if (hashtree_error_mode == AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO) {
+    if (!cmdline_append_option(
+            slot_data, "androidboot.veritymode.managed", "yes")) {
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+      goto out;
+    }
+  }
 
   ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK;
 
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.h b/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.h
index 9af3a99994..96539d84bd 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.h
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_cmdline.h
@@ -43,10 +43,12 @@ char* avb_sub_cmdline(AvbOps* ops,
 
 AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_append_options(
     AvbOps* ops,
+    AvbSlotVerifyFlags flags,
     AvbSlotVerifyData* slot_data,
     AvbVBMetaImageHeader* toplevel_vbmeta,
     AvbAlgorithmType algorithm_type,
-    AvbHashtreeErrorMode hashtree_error_mode);
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode hashtree_error_mode,
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode resolved_hashtree_error_mode);
 
 /* Allocates and initializes a new command line substitution list. Free with
  * |avb_free_cmdline_subst_list|.
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_descriptor.c b/lib/libavb/avb_descriptor.c
index fb0b305f2c..9f03b9777a 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_descriptor.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_descriptor.c
@@ -72,7 +72,11 @@ bool avb_descriptor_foreach(const uint8_t* image_data,
     const AvbDescriptor* dh = (const AvbDescriptor*)p;
     avb_assert_aligned(dh);
     uint64_t nb_following = avb_be64toh(dh->num_bytes_following);
-    uint64_t nb_total = sizeof(AvbDescriptor) + nb_following;
+    uint64_t nb_total = 0;
+    if (!avb_safe_add(&nb_total, sizeof(AvbDescriptor), nb_following)) {
+      avb_error("Invalid descriptor length.\n");
+      goto out;
+    }
 
     if ((nb_total & 7) != 0) {
       avb_error("Invalid descriptor length.\n");
@@ -88,7 +92,10 @@ bool avb_descriptor_foreach(const uint8_t* image_data,
       goto out;
     }
 
-    p += nb_total;
+    if (!avb_safe_add_to((uint64_t*)(&p), nb_total)) {
+      avb_error("Invalid descriptor length.\n");
+      goto out;
+    }
   }
 
   ret = true;
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_ops.h b/lib/libavb/avb_ops.h
index 8bbdc7c31b..6a5c589da8 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_ops.h
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_ops.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 /* Well-known names of named persistent values. */
 #define AVB_NPV_PERSISTENT_DIGEST_PREFIX "avb.persistent_digest."
+#define AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE "avb.managed_verity_mode"
 
 /* Return codes used for I/O operations.
  *
@@ -171,6 +172,10 @@ struct AvbOps {
    *
    * If AVB_IO_RESULT_OK is returned then |out_is_trusted| is set -
    * true if trusted or false if untrusted.
+   *
+   * NOTE: If AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION is passed to
+   * avb_slot_verify() then this operation is never used. Instead, the
+   * validate_public_key_for_partition() operation is used
    */
   AvbIOResult (*validate_vbmeta_public_key)(AvbOps* ops,
                                             const uint8_t* public_key_data,
@@ -231,6 +236,9 @@ struct AvbOps {
    * (NUL-terminated UTF-8 string). Returns the value in
    * |out_size_num_bytes|.
    *
+   * If the partition doesn't exist the AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PARTITION
+   * error code should be returned.
+   *
    * Returns AVB_IO_RESULT_OK on success, otherwise an error code.
    */
   AvbIOResult (*get_size_of_partition)(AvbOps* ops,
@@ -253,9 +261,10 @@ struct AvbOps {
    * AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_VALUE. If |buffer_size| is smaller than the
    * size of the stored value, returns AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_SPACE.
    *
-   * This operation is currently only used to support persistent digests. If a
-   * device does not use persistent digests this function pointer can be set to
-   * NULL.
+   * This operation is currently only used to support persistent digests or the
+   * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO hashtree error mode. If a
+   * device does not use one of these features this function pointer can be set
+   * to NULL.
    */
   AvbIOResult (*read_persistent_value)(AvbOps* ops,
                                        const char* name,
@@ -275,14 +284,34 @@ struct AvbOps {
    * AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_VALUE. If the |value_size| is not supported,
    * returns AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE_SIZE.
    *
-   * This operation is currently only used to support persistent digests. If a
-   * device does not use persistent digests this function pointer can be set to
-   * NULL.
+   * This operation is currently only used to support persistent digests or the
+   * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO hashtree error mode. If a
+   * device does not use one of these features this function pointer can be set
+   * to NULL.
    */
   AvbIOResult (*write_persistent_value)(AvbOps* ops,
                                         const char* name,
                                         size_t value_size,
                                         const uint8_t* value);
+
+  /* Like validate_vbmeta_public_key() but for when the flag
+   * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION is being used. The name of the
+   * partition to get the public key for is passed in |partition_name|.
+   *
+   * Also returns the rollback index location to use for the partition, in
+   * |out_rollback_index_location|.
+   *
+   * Returns AVB_IO_RESULT_OK on success, otherwise an error code.
+   */
+  AvbIOResult (*validate_public_key_for_partition)(
+      AvbOps* ops,
+      const char* partition,
+      const uint8_t* public_key_data,
+      size_t public_key_length,
+      const uint8_t* public_key_metadata,
+      size_t public_key_metadata_length,
+      bool* out_is_trusted,
+      uint32_t* out_rollback_index_location);
 };
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_sha.h b/lib/libavb/avb_sha.h
index 365aaadc2f..f5d02e09f2 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_sha.h
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_sha.h
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ extern "C" {
 /* Data structure used for SHA-256. */
 typedef struct {
   uint32_t h[8];
-  uint32_t tot_len;
-  uint32_t len;
+  uint64_t tot_len;
+  size_t len;
   uint8_t block[2 * AVB_SHA256_BLOCK_SIZE];
   uint8_t buf[AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE]; /* Used for storing the final digest. */
 } AvbSHA256Ctx;
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ typedef struct {
 /* Data structure used for SHA-512. */
 typedef struct {
   uint64_t h[8];
-  uint32_t tot_len;
-  uint32_t len;
+  uint64_t tot_len;
+  size_t len;
   uint8_t block[2 * AVB_SHA512_BLOCK_SIZE];
   uint8_t buf[AVB_SHA512_DIGEST_SIZE]; /* Used for storing the final digest. */
 } AvbSHA512Ctx;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ typedef struct {
 void avb_sha256_init(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx);
 
 /* Updates the SHA-256 context with |len| bytes from |data|. */
-void avb_sha256_update(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len);
+void avb_sha256_update(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, size_t len);
 
 /* Returns the SHA-256 digest. */
 uint8_t* avb_sha256_final(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx) AVB_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ uint8_t* avb_sha256_final(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx) AVB_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
 void avb_sha512_init(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx);
 
 /* Updates the SHA-512 context with |len| bytes from |data|. */
-void avb_sha512_update(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len);
+void avb_sha512_update(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, size_t len);
 
 /* Returns the SHA-512 digest. */
 uint8_t* avb_sha512_final(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx) AVB_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_sha256.c b/lib/libavb/avb_sha256.c
index d24c7015f6..86ecca57b7 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_sha256.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_sha256.c
@@ -29,6 +29,18 @@
     *((str) + 0) = (uint8_t)((x) >> 24); \
   }
 
+#define UNPACK64(x, str)                         \
+  {                                              \
+    *((str) + 7) = (uint8_t)x;                   \
+    *((str) + 6) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 8);  \
+    *((str) + 5) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 16); \
+    *((str) + 4) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 24); \
+    *((str) + 3) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 32); \
+    *((str) + 2) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 40); \
+    *((str) + 1) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 48); \
+    *((str) + 0) = (uint8_t)((uint64_t)x >> 56); \
+  }
+
 #define PACK32(str, x)                                                    \
   {                                                                       \
     *(x) = ((uint32_t) * ((str) + 3)) | ((uint32_t) * ((str) + 2) << 8) | \
@@ -96,18 +108,18 @@ void avb_sha256_init(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx) {
 
 static void SHA256_transform(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx,
                              const uint8_t* message,
-                             unsigned int block_nb) {
+                             size_t block_nb) {
   uint32_t w[64];
   uint32_t wv[8];
   uint32_t t1, t2;
   const unsigned char* sub_block;
-  int i;
+  size_t i;
 
 #ifndef UNROLL_LOOPS
-  int j;
+  size_t j;
 #endif
 
-  for (i = 0; i < (int)block_nb; i++) {
+  for (i = 0; i < block_nb; i++) {
     sub_block = message + (i << 6);
 
 #ifndef UNROLL_LOOPS
@@ -293,9 +305,9 @@ static void SHA256_transform(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx,
   }
 }
 
-void avb_sha256_update(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len) {
-  unsigned int block_nb;
-  unsigned int new_len, rem_len, tmp_len;
+void avb_sha256_update(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+  size_t block_nb;
+  size_t new_len, rem_len, tmp_len;
   const uint8_t* shifted_data;
 
   tmp_len = AVB_SHA256_BLOCK_SIZE - ctx->len;
@@ -325,11 +337,11 @@ void avb_sha256_update(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len) {
 }
 
 uint8_t* avb_sha256_final(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx) {
-  unsigned int block_nb;
-  unsigned int pm_len;
-  unsigned int len_b;
+  size_t block_nb;
+  size_t pm_len;
+  uint64_t len_b;
 #ifndef UNROLL_LOOPS
-  int i;
+  size_t i;
 #endif
 
   block_nb =
@@ -340,7 +352,7 @@ uint8_t* avb_sha256_final(AvbSHA256Ctx* ctx) {
 
   avb_memset(ctx->block + ctx->len, 0, pm_len - ctx->len);
   ctx->block[ctx->len] = 0x80;
-  UNPACK32(len_b, ctx->block + pm_len - 4);
+  UNPACK64(len_b, ctx->block + pm_len - 8);
 
   SHA256_transform(ctx, ctx->block, block_nb);
 
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_sha512.c b/lib/libavb/avb_sha512.c
index a5e7297aa7..b19054fc74 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_sha512.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_sha512.c
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ void avb_sha512_init(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx) {
 
 static void SHA512_transform(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx,
                              const uint8_t* message,
-                             unsigned int block_nb) {
+                             size_t block_nb) {
   uint64_t w[80];
   uint64_t wv[8];
   uint64_t t1, t2;
   const uint8_t* sub_block;
-  int i, j;
+  size_t i, j;
 
-  for (i = 0; i < (int)block_nb; i++) {
+  for (i = 0; i < block_nb; i++) {
     sub_block = message + (i << 7);
 
 #ifdef UNROLL_LOOPS_SHA512
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ static void SHA512_transform(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx,
   }
 }
 
-void avb_sha512_update(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len) {
-  unsigned int block_nb;
-  unsigned int new_len, rem_len, tmp_len;
+void avb_sha512_update(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+  size_t block_nb;
+  size_t new_len, rem_len, tmp_len;
   const uint8_t* shifted_data;
 
   tmp_len = AVB_SHA512_BLOCK_SIZE - ctx->len;
@@ -323,12 +323,12 @@ void avb_sha512_update(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t len) {
 }
 
 uint8_t* avb_sha512_final(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx) {
-  unsigned int block_nb;
-  unsigned int pm_len;
-  unsigned int len_b;
+  size_t block_nb;
+  size_t pm_len;
+  uint64_t len_b;
 
 #ifndef UNROLL_LOOPS_SHA512
-  int i;
+  size_t i;
 #endif
 
   block_nb =
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ uint8_t* avb_sha512_final(AvbSHA512Ctx* ctx) {
 
   avb_memset(ctx->block + ctx->len, 0, pm_len - ctx->len);
   ctx->block[ctx->len] = 0x80;
-  UNPACK32(len_b, ctx->block + pm_len - 4);
+  UNPACK64(len_b, ctx->block + pm_len - 8);
 
   SHA512_transform(ctx, ctx->block, block_nb);
 
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.c b/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.c
index a941850d93..5d400b38aa 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.c
@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@
 /* Maximum size of a vbmeta image - 64 KiB. */
 #define VBMETA_MAX_SIZE (64 * 1024)
 
+static AvbSlotVerifyResult initialize_persistent_digest(
+    AvbOps* ops,
+    const char* part_name,
+    const char* persistent_value_name,
+    size_t digest_size,
+    const uint8_t* initial_digest,
+    uint8_t* out_digest);
+
 /* Helper function to see if we should continue with verification in
  * allow_verification_error=true mode if something goes wrong. See the
  * comments for the avb_slot_verify() function for more information.
@@ -114,9 +122,26 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_full_partition(AvbOps* ops,
   return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK;
 }
 
+/* Reads a persistent digest stored as a named persistent value corresponding to
+ * the given |part_name|. The value is returned in |out_digest| which must point
+ * to |expected_digest_size| bytes. If there is no digest stored for |part_name|
+ * it can be initialized by providing a non-NULL |initial_digest| of length
+ * |expected_digest_size|. This automatic initialization will only occur if the
+ * device is currently locked. The |initial_digest| may be NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK on success, otherwise returns an
+ * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_* error code.
+ *
+ * If the value does not exist, is not supported, or is not populated, and
+ * |initial_digest| is NULL, returns
+ * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA. If |expected_digest_size| does
+ * not match the stored digest size, also returns
+ * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA.
+ */
 static AvbSlotVerifyResult read_persistent_digest(AvbOps* ops,
                                                   const char* part_name,
                                                   size_t expected_digest_size,
+                                                  const uint8_t* initial_digest,
                                                   uint8_t* out_digest) {
   char* persistent_value_name = NULL;
   AvbIOResult io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
@@ -131,30 +156,106 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult read_persistent_digest(AvbOps* ops,
   if (persistent_value_name == NULL) {
     return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
   }
+
   io_ret = ops->read_persistent_value(ops,
                                       persistent_value_name,
                                       expected_digest_size,
                                       out_digest,
                                       &stored_digest_size);
+
+  // If no such named persistent value exists and an initial digest value was
+  // given, initialize the named persistent value with the given digest. If
+  // initialized successfully, this will recurse into this function but with a
+  // NULL initial_digest.
+  if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_VALUE && initial_digest) {
+    AvbSlotVerifyResult ret =
+        initialize_persistent_digest(ops,
+                                     part_name,
+                                     persistent_value_name,
+                                     expected_digest_size,
+                                     initial_digest,
+                                     out_digest);
+    avb_free(persistent_value_name);
+    return ret;
+  }
   avb_free(persistent_value_name);
+
   if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
     return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
   } else if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_VALUE) {
+    // Treat a missing persistent value as a verification error, which is
+    // ignoreable, rather than a metadata error which is not.
     avb_errorv(part_name, ": Persistent digest does not exist.\n", NULL);
-    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_VERIFICATION;
   } else if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE_SIZE ||
-             io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_SPACE ||
-             expected_digest_size != stored_digest_size) {
+             io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_SPACE) {
     avb_errorv(
         part_name, ": Persistent digest is not of expected size.\n", NULL);
     return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
   } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
     avb_errorv(part_name, ": Error reading persistent digest.\n", NULL);
     return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+  } else if (expected_digest_size != stored_digest_size) {
+    avb_errorv(
+        part_name, ": Persistent digest is not of expected size.\n", NULL);
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
   }
   return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK;
 }
 
+static AvbSlotVerifyResult initialize_persistent_digest(
+    AvbOps* ops,
+    const char* part_name,
+    const char* persistent_value_name,
+    size_t digest_size,
+    const uint8_t* initial_digest,
+    uint8_t* out_digest) {
+  AvbSlotVerifyResult ret;
+  AvbIOResult io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+  bool is_device_unlocked = true;
+
+  io_ret = ops->read_is_device_unlocked(ops, &is_device_unlocked);
+  if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+  } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+    avb_error("Error getting device lock state.\n");
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+  }
+
+  if (is_device_unlocked) {
+    avb_debugv(part_name,
+               ": Digest does not exist, device unlocked so not initializing "
+               "digest.\n",
+               NULL);
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_VERIFICATION;
+  }
+
+  // Device locked; initialize digest with given initial value.
+  avb_debugv(part_name,
+             ": Digest does not exist, initializing persistent digest.\n",
+             NULL);
+  io_ret = ops->write_persistent_value(
+      ops, persistent_value_name, digest_size, initial_digest);
+  if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+  } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+    avb_errorv(part_name, ": Error initializing persistent digest.\n", NULL);
+    return AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+  }
+
+  // To ensure that the digest value was written successfully - and avoid a
+  // scenario where the digest is simply 'initialized' on every verify - recurse
+  // into read_persistent_digest to read back the written value. The NULL
+  // initial_digest ensures that this will not recurse again.
+  ret = read_persistent_digest(ops, part_name, digest_size, NULL, out_digest);
+  if (ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
+    avb_errorv(part_name,
+               ": Reading back initialized persistent digest failed!\n",
+               NULL);
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
 static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_hash_partition(
     AvbOps* ops,
     const char* const* requested_partitions,
@@ -248,24 +349,16 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_hash_partition(
    */
   image_size = hash_desc.image_size;
   if (allow_verification_error) {
-    if (ops->get_size_of_partition == NULL) {
-      avb_errorv(part_name,
-                 ": The get_size_of_partition() operation is "
-                 "not implemented so we may not load the entire partition. "
-                 "Please implement.",
-                 NULL);
-    } else {
-      io_ret = ops->get_size_of_partition(ops, part_name, &image_size);
-      if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
-        ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
-        goto out;
-      } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
-        avb_errorv(part_name, ": Error determining partition size.\n", NULL);
-        ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
-        goto out;
-      }
-      avb_debugv(part_name, ": Loading entire partition.\n", NULL);
+    io_ret = ops->get_size_of_partition(ops, part_name, &image_size);
+    if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+      goto out;
+    } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+      avb_errorv(part_name, ": Error determining partition size.\n", NULL);
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+      goto out;
     }
+    avb_debugv(part_name, ": Loading entire partition.\n", NULL);
   }
 
   ret = load_full_partition(
@@ -273,19 +366,27 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_hash_partition(
   if (ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
     goto out;
   }
-
+  // Although only one of the type might be used, we have to defined the
+  // structure here so that they would live outside the 'if/else' scope to be
+  // used later.
+  AvbSHA256Ctx sha256_ctx;
+  AvbSHA512Ctx sha512_ctx;
+  size_t image_size_to_hash = hash_desc.image_size;
+  // If we allow verification error and the whole partition is smaller than
+  // image size in hash descriptor, we just hash the whole partition.
+  if (image_size_to_hash > image_size) {
+    image_size_to_hash = image_size;
+  }
   if (avb_strcmp((const char*)hash_desc.hash_algorithm, "sha256") == 0) {
-    AvbSHA256Ctx sha256_ctx;
     avb_sha256_init(&sha256_ctx);
     avb_sha256_update(&sha256_ctx, desc_salt, hash_desc.salt_len);
-    avb_sha256_update(&sha256_ctx, image_buf, hash_desc.image_size);
+    avb_sha256_update(&sha256_ctx, image_buf, image_size_to_hash);
     digest = avb_sha256_final(&sha256_ctx);
     digest_len = AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE;
   } else if (avb_strcmp((const char*)hash_desc.hash_algorithm, "sha512") == 0) {
-    AvbSHA512Ctx sha512_ctx;
     avb_sha512_init(&sha512_ctx);
     avb_sha512_update(&sha512_ctx, desc_salt, hash_desc.salt_len);
-    avb_sha512_update(&sha512_ctx, image_buf, hash_desc.image_size);
+    avb_sha512_update(&sha512_ctx, image_buf, image_size_to_hash);
     digest = avb_sha512_final(&sha512_ctx);
     digest_len = AVB_SHA512_DIGEST_SIZE;
   } else {
@@ -295,18 +396,21 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_hash_partition(
   }
 
   if (hash_desc.digest_len == 0) {
-    // Expect a match to a persistent digest.
+    /* Expect a match to a persistent digest. */
     avb_debugv(part_name, ": No digest, using persistent digest.\n", NULL);
     expected_digest_len = digest_len;
     expected_digest = expected_digest_buf;
     avb_assert(expected_digest_len <= sizeof(expected_digest_buf));
-    ret =
-        read_persistent_digest(ops, part_name, digest_len, expected_digest_buf);
+    /* Pass |digest| as the |initial_digest| so devices not yet initialized get
+     * initialized to the current partition digest.
+     */
+    ret = read_persistent_digest(
+        ops, part_name, digest_len, digest, expected_digest_buf);
     if (ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
       goto out;
     }
   } else {
-    // Expect a match to the digest in the descriptor.
+    /* Expect a match to the digest in the descriptor. */
     expected_digest_len = hash_desc.digest_len;
     expected_digest = desc_digest;
   }
@@ -365,12 +469,6 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_requested_partitions(
   bool image_preloaded = false;
   size_t n;
 
-  if (ops->get_size_of_partition == NULL) {
-    avb_error("get_size_of_partition() not implemented.\n");
-    ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    goto out;
-  }
-
   for (n = 0; requested_partitions[n] != NULL; n++) {
     char part_name[AVB_PART_NAME_MAX_SIZE];
     AvbIOResult io_ret;
@@ -441,6 +539,7 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     AvbOps* ops,
     const char* const* requested_partitions,
     const char* ab_suffix,
+    AvbSlotVerifyFlags flags,
     bool allow_verification_error,
     AvbVBMetaImageFlags toplevel_vbmeta_flags,
     int rollback_index_location,
@@ -467,7 +566,7 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
   size_t num_descriptors;
   size_t n;
   bool is_main_vbmeta;
-  bool is_vbmeta_partition;
+  bool look_for_vbmeta_footer;
   AvbVBMetaData* vbmeta_image_data = NULL;
 
   ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK;
@@ -478,8 +577,20 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
    * rollback_index_location to determine whether we're the main
    * vbmeta struct.
    */
-  is_main_vbmeta = (rollback_index_location == 0);
-  is_vbmeta_partition = (avb_strcmp(partition_name, "vbmeta") == 0);
+  is_main_vbmeta = false;
+  if (rollback_index_location == 0) {
+    if ((flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION) == 0) {
+      is_main_vbmeta = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Don't use footers for vbmeta partitions ('vbmeta' or
+   * 'vbmeta_<partition_name>').
+   */
+  look_for_vbmeta_footer = true;
+  if (avb_strncmp(partition_name, "vbmeta", avb_strlen("vbmeta")) == 0) {
+    look_for_vbmeta_footer = false;
+  }
 
   if (!avb_validate_utf8((const uint8_t*)partition_name, partition_name_len)) {
     avb_error("Partition name is not valid UTF-8.\n");
@@ -487,7 +598,7 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     goto out;
   }
 
-  /* Construct full partition name. */
+  /* Construct full partition name e.g. system_a. */
   if (!avb_str_concat(full_partition_name,
                       sizeof full_partition_name,
                       partition_name,
@@ -499,19 +610,15 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     goto out;
   }
 
-  avb_debugv("Loading vbmeta struct from partition '",
-             full_partition_name,
-             "'.\n",
-             NULL);
-
-  /* If we're loading from the main vbmeta partition, the vbmeta
-   * struct is in the beginning. Otherwise we have to locate it via a
-   * footer.
+  /* If we're loading from the main vbmeta partition, the vbmeta struct is in
+   * the beginning. Otherwise we may have to locate it via a footer... if no
+   * footer is found, we look in the beginning to support e.g. vbmeta_<org>
+   * partitions holding data for e.g. super partitions (b/80195851 for
+   * rationale).
    */
-  if (is_vbmeta_partition) {
-    vbmeta_offset = 0;
-    vbmeta_size = VBMETA_MAX_SIZE;
-  } else {
+  vbmeta_offset = 0;
+  vbmeta_size = VBMETA_MAX_SIZE;
+  if (look_for_vbmeta_footer) {
     uint8_t footer_buf[AVB_FOOTER_SIZE];
     size_t footer_num_read;
     AvbFooter footer;
@@ -534,21 +641,17 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
 
     if (!avb_footer_validate_and_byteswap((const AvbFooter*)footer_buf,
                                           &footer)) {
-      avb_errorv(full_partition_name, ": Error validating footer.\n", NULL);
-      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
-      goto out;
-    }
-
-    /* Basic footer sanity check since the data is untrusted. */
-    if (footer.vbmeta_size > VBMETA_MAX_SIZE) {
-      avb_errorv(
-          full_partition_name, ": Invalid vbmeta size in footer.\n", NULL);
-      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
-      goto out;
+      avb_debugv(full_partition_name, ": No footer detected.\n", NULL);
+    } else {
+      /* Basic footer sanity check since the data is untrusted. */
+      if (footer.vbmeta_size > VBMETA_MAX_SIZE) {
+        avb_errorv(
+            full_partition_name, ": Invalid vbmeta size in footer.\n", NULL);
+      } else {
+        vbmeta_offset = footer.vbmeta_offset;
+        vbmeta_size = footer.vbmeta_size;
+      }
     }
-
-    vbmeta_offset = footer.vbmeta_offset;
-    vbmeta_size = footer.vbmeta_size;
   }
 
   vbmeta_buf = avb_malloc(vbmeta_size);
@@ -557,6 +660,18 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     goto out;
   }
 
+  if (vbmeta_offset != 0) {
+    avb_debugv("Loading vbmeta struct in footer from partition '",
+               full_partition_name,
+               "'.\n",
+               NULL);
+  } else {
+    avb_debugv("Loading vbmeta struct from partition '",
+               full_partition_name,
+               "'.\n",
+               NULL);
+  }
+
   io_ret = ops->read_from_partition(ops,
                                     full_partition_name,
                                     vbmeta_offset,
@@ -571,13 +686,14 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
      * go try to get it from the boot partition instead.
      */
     if (is_main_vbmeta && io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PARTITION &&
-        is_vbmeta_partition) {
+        !look_for_vbmeta_footer) {
       avb_debugv(full_partition_name,
                  ": No such partition. Trying 'boot' instead.\n",
                  NULL);
       ret = load_and_verify_vbmeta(ops,
                                    requested_partitions,
                                    ab_suffix,
+                                   flags,
                                    allow_verification_error,
                                    0 /* toplevel_vbmeta_flags */,
                                    0 /* rollback_index_location */,
@@ -655,6 +771,8 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     }
   }
 
+  uint32_t rollback_index_location_to_use = rollback_index_location;
+
   /* Check if key used to make signature matches what is expected. */
   if (pk_data != NULL) {
     if (expected_public_key != NULL) {
@@ -682,9 +800,27 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
         pk_metadata_len = vbmeta_header.public_key_metadata_size;
       }
 
-      avb_assert(is_main_vbmeta);
-      io_ret = ops->validate_vbmeta_public_key(
-          ops, pk_data, pk_len, pk_metadata, pk_metadata_len, &key_is_trusted);
+      // If we're not using a vbmeta partition, need to use another AvbOps...
+      if (flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION) {
+        io_ret = ops->validate_public_key_for_partition(
+            ops,
+            full_partition_name,
+            pk_data,
+            pk_len,
+            pk_metadata,
+            pk_metadata_len,
+            &key_is_trusted,
+            &rollback_index_location_to_use);
+      } else {
+        avb_assert(is_main_vbmeta);
+        io_ret = ops->validate_vbmeta_public_key(ops,
+                                                 pk_data,
+                                                 pk_len,
+                                                 pk_metadata,
+                                                 pk_metadata_len,
+                                                 &key_is_trusted);
+      }
+
       if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
         ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
         goto out;
@@ -709,7 +845,7 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
 
   /* Check rollback index. */
   io_ret = ops->read_rollback_index(
-      ops, rollback_index_location, &stored_rollback_index);
+      ops, rollback_index_location_to_use, &stored_rollback_index);
   if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
     ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
     goto out;
@@ -735,7 +871,9 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
   if (is_main_vbmeta) {
     avb_assert(slot_data->num_vbmeta_images == 0);
   } else {
-    avb_assert(slot_data->num_vbmeta_images > 0);
+    if (!(flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION)) {
+      avb_assert(slot_data->num_vbmeta_images > 0);
+    }
   }
   if (slot_data->num_vbmeta_images == MAX_NUMBER_OF_VBMETA_IMAGES) {
     avb_errorv(full_partition_name, ": Too many vbmeta images.\n", NULL);
@@ -859,6 +997,7 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
             load_and_verify_vbmeta(ops,
                                    requested_partitions,
                                    ab_suffix,
+                                   flags,
                                    allow_verification_error,
                                    toplevel_vbmeta_flags,
                                    chain_desc.rollback_index_location,
@@ -1019,7 +1158,11 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
             goto out;
           }
 
-          ret = read_persistent_digest(ops, part_name, digest_len, digest_buf);
+          ret = read_persistent_digest(ops,
+                                       part_name,
+                                       digest_len,
+                                       NULL /* initial_digest */,
+                                       digest_buf);
           if (ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
             goto out;
           }
@@ -1043,7 +1186,8 @@ static AvbSlotVerifyResult load_and_verify_vbmeta(
     }
   }
 
-  if (rollback_index_location >= AVB_MAX_NUMBER_OF_ROLLBACK_INDEX_LOCATIONS) {
+  if (rollback_index_location < 0 ||
+      rollback_index_location >= AVB_MAX_NUMBER_OF_ROLLBACK_INDEX_LOCATIONS) {
     avb_errorv(
         full_partition_name, ": Invalid rollback_index_location.\n", NULL);
     ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_METADATA;
@@ -1072,6 +1216,130 @@ out:
   return ret;
 }
 
+static AvbIOResult avb_manage_hashtree_error_mode(
+    AvbOps* ops,
+    AvbSlotVerifyFlags flags,
+    AvbSlotVerifyData* data,
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode* out_hashtree_error_mode) {
+  AvbHashtreeErrorMode ret = AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART;
+  AvbIOResult io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+  uint8_t vbmeta_digest_sha256[AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE];
+  uint8_t stored_vbmeta_digest_sha256[AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE];
+  size_t num_bytes_read;
+
+  avb_assert(out_hashtree_error_mode != NULL);
+  avb_assert(ops->read_persistent_value != NULL);
+  avb_assert(ops->write_persistent_value != NULL);
+
+  // If we're rebooting because of dm-verity corruption, make a note of
+  // the vbmeta hash so we can stay in 'eio' mode until things change.
+  if (flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_RESTART_CAUSED_BY_HASHTREE_CORRUPTION) {
+    avb_debug(
+        "Rebooting because of dm-verity corruption - "
+        "recording OS instance and using 'eio' mode.\n");
+    avb_slot_verify_data_calculate_vbmeta_digest(
+        data, AVB_DIGEST_TYPE_SHA256, vbmeta_digest_sha256);
+    io_ret = ops->write_persistent_value(ops,
+                                         AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE,
+                                         AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE,
+                                         vbmeta_digest_sha256);
+    if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+      avb_error("Error writing to " AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE ".\n");
+      goto out;
+    }
+    ret = AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO;
+    io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+    goto out;
+  }
+
+  // See if we're in 'eio' mode.
+  io_ret = ops->read_persistent_value(ops,
+                                      AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE,
+                                      AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE,
+                                      stored_vbmeta_digest_sha256,
+                                      &num_bytes_read);
+  if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_VALUE ||
+      (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_OK && num_bytes_read == 0)) {
+    // This is the usual case ('eio' mode not set).
+    avb_debug("No dm-verity corruption - using in 'restart' mode.\n");
+    ret = AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART;
+    io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+    goto out;
+  } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+    avb_error("Error reading from " AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE ".\n");
+    goto out;
+  }
+  if (num_bytes_read != AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE) {
+    avb_error(
+        "Unexpected number of bytes read from " AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE
+        ".\n");
+    io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+    goto out;
+  }
+
+  // OK, so we're currently in 'eio' mode and the vbmeta digest of the OS
+  // that caused this is in |stored_vbmeta_digest_sha256| ... now see if
+  // the OS we're dealing with now is the same.
+  avb_slot_verify_data_calculate_vbmeta_digest(
+      data, AVB_DIGEST_TYPE_SHA256, vbmeta_digest_sha256);
+  if (avb_memcmp(vbmeta_digest_sha256,
+                 stored_vbmeta_digest_sha256,
+                 AVB_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE) == 0) {
+    // It's the same so we're still in 'eio' mode.
+    avb_debug("Same OS instance detected - staying in 'eio' mode.\n");
+    ret = AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO;
+    io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+  } else {
+    // It did change!
+    avb_debug(
+        "New OS instance detected - changing from 'eio' to 'restart' mode.\n");
+    io_ret =
+        ops->write_persistent_value(ops,
+                                    AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE,
+                                    0,  // This clears the persistent property.
+                                    vbmeta_digest_sha256);
+    if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+      avb_error("Error clearing " AVB_NPV_MANAGED_VERITY_MODE ".\n");
+      goto out;
+    }
+    ret = AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART;
+    io_ret = AVB_IO_RESULT_OK;
+  }
+
+out:
+  *out_hashtree_error_mode = ret;
+  return io_ret;
+}
+
+static bool has_system_partition(AvbOps* ops, const char* ab_suffix) {
+  char part_name[AVB_PART_NAME_MAX_SIZE];
+  char* system_part_name = "system";
+  char guid_buf[37];
+  AvbIOResult io_ret;
+
+  if (!avb_str_concat(part_name,
+                      sizeof part_name,
+                      system_part_name,
+                      avb_strlen(system_part_name),
+                      ab_suffix,
+                      avb_strlen(ab_suffix))) {
+    avb_error("System partition name and suffix does not fit.\n");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  io_ret = ops->get_unique_guid_for_partition(
+      ops, part_name, guid_buf, sizeof guid_buf);
+  if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PARTITION) {
+    avb_debug("No system partition.\n");
+    return false;
+  } else if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+    avb_error("Error getting unique GUID for system partition.\n");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_slot_verify(AvbOps* ops,
                                     const char* const* requested_partitions,
                                     const char* ab_suffix,
@@ -1087,14 +1355,10 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_slot_verify(AvbOps* ops,
       (flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR);
   AvbCmdlineSubstList* additional_cmdline_subst = NULL;
 
-  /* Fail early if we're missing the AvbOps needed for slot verification.
-   *
-   * For now, handle get_size_of_partition() not being implemented. In
-   * a later release we may change that.
-   */
+  /* Fail early if we're missing the AvbOps needed for slot verification. */
   avb_assert(ops->read_is_device_unlocked != NULL);
   avb_assert(ops->read_from_partition != NULL);
-  avb_assert(ops->validate_vbmeta_public_key != NULL);
+  avb_assert(ops->get_size_of_partition != NULL);
   avb_assert(ops->read_rollback_index != NULL);
   avb_assert(ops->get_unique_guid_for_partition != NULL);
 
@@ -1112,6 +1376,36 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_slot_verify(AvbOps* ops,
     goto fail;
   }
 
+  /* Make sure passed-in AvbOps support persistent values if
+   * asking for libavb to manage verity state.
+   */
+  if (hashtree_error_mode == AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO) {
+    if (ops->read_persistent_value == NULL ||
+        ops->write_persistent_value == NULL) {
+      avb_error(
+          "Persistent values required for "
+          "AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO "
+          "but are not implemented in given AvbOps.\n");
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure passed-in AvbOps support verifying public keys and getting
+   * rollback index location if not using a vbmeta partition.
+   */
+  if (flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION) {
+    if (ops->validate_public_key_for_partition == NULL) {
+      avb_error(
+          "AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION was passed but the "
+          "validate_public_key_for_partition() operation isn't implemented.\n");
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  } else {
+    avb_assert(ops->validate_vbmeta_public_key != NULL);
+  }
+
   slot_data = avb_calloc(sizeof(AvbSlotVerifyData));
   if (slot_data == NULL) {
     ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
@@ -1136,99 +1430,163 @@ AvbSlotVerifyResult avb_slot_verify(AvbOps* ops,
     goto fail;
   }
 
-  ret = load_and_verify_vbmeta(ops,
-                               requested_partitions,
-                               ab_suffix,
-                               allow_verification_error,
-                               0 /* toplevel_vbmeta_flags */,
-                               0 /* rollback_index_location */,
-                               "vbmeta",
-                               avb_strlen("vbmeta"),
-                               NULL /* expected_public_key */,
-                               0 /* expected_public_key_length */,
-                               slot_data,
-                               &algorithm_type,
-                               additional_cmdline_subst);
-  if (!allow_verification_error && ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
+  if (flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION) {
+    if (requested_partitions == NULL || requested_partitions[0] == NULL) {
+      avb_fatal(
+          "Requested partitions cannot be empty when using "
+          "AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION");
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+      goto fail;
+    }
+
+    /* No vbmeta partition, go through each of the requested partitions... */
+    for (size_t n = 0; requested_partitions[n] != NULL; n++) {
+      ret = load_and_verify_vbmeta(ops,
+                                   requested_partitions,
+                                   ab_suffix,
+                                   flags,
+                                   allow_verification_error,
+                                   0 /* toplevel_vbmeta_flags */,
+                                   0 /* rollback_index_location */,
+                                   requested_partitions[n],
+                                   avb_strlen(requested_partitions[n]),
+                                   NULL /* expected_public_key */,
+                                   0 /* expected_public_key_length */,
+                                   slot_data,
+                                   &algorithm_type,
+                                   additional_cmdline_subst);
+      if (!allow_verification_error && ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
+        goto fail;
+      }
+    }
+
+  } else {
+    /* Usual path, load "vbmeta"... */
+    ret = load_and_verify_vbmeta(ops,
+                                 requested_partitions,
+                                 ab_suffix,
+                                 flags,
+                                 allow_verification_error,
+                                 0 /* toplevel_vbmeta_flags */,
+                                 0 /* rollback_index_location */,
+                                 "vbmeta",
+                                 avb_strlen("vbmeta"),
+                                 NULL /* expected_public_key */,
+                                 0 /* expected_public_key_length */,
+                                 slot_data,
+                                 &algorithm_type,
+                                 additional_cmdline_subst);
+    if (!allow_verification_error && ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!result_should_continue(ret)) {
     goto fail;
   }
 
   /* If things check out, mangle the kernel command-line as needed. */
-  if (result_should_continue(ret)) {
+  if (!(flags & AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION)) {
     if (avb_strcmp(slot_data->vbmeta_images[0].partition_name, "vbmeta") != 0) {
       avb_assert(
           avb_strcmp(slot_data->vbmeta_images[0].partition_name, "boot") == 0);
       using_boot_for_vbmeta = true;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Byteswap top-level vbmeta header since we'll need it below. */
-    avb_vbmeta_image_header_to_host_byte_order(
-        (const AvbVBMetaImageHeader*)slot_data->vbmeta_images[0].vbmeta_data,
-        &toplevel_vbmeta);
+  /* Byteswap top-level vbmeta header since we'll need it below. */
+  avb_vbmeta_image_header_to_host_byte_order(
+      (const AvbVBMetaImageHeader*)slot_data->vbmeta_images[0].vbmeta_data,
+      &toplevel_vbmeta);
 
-    /* Fill in |ab_suffix| field. */
-    slot_data->ab_suffix = avb_strdup(ab_suffix);
-    if (slot_data->ab_suffix == NULL) {
-      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
-      goto fail;
-    }
+  /* Fill in |ab_suffix| field. */
+  slot_data->ab_suffix = avb_strdup(ab_suffix);
+  if (slot_data->ab_suffix == NULL) {
+    ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+    goto fail;
+  }
 
-    /* If verification is disabled, we are done ... we specifically
-     * don't want to add any androidboot.* options since verification
-     * is disabled.
+  /* If verification is disabled, we are done ... we specifically
+   * don't want to add any androidboot.* options since verification
+   * is disabled.
+   */
+  if (toplevel_vbmeta.flags & AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED) {
+    /* Since verification is disabled we didn't process any
+     * descriptors and thus there's no cmdline... so set root= such
+     * that the system partition is mounted.
      */
-    if (toplevel_vbmeta.flags & AVB_VBMETA_IMAGE_FLAGS_VERIFICATION_DISABLED) {
-      /* Since verification is disabled we didn't process any
-       * descriptors and thus there's no cmdline... so set root= such
-       * that the system partition is mounted.
-       */
-      avb_assert(slot_data->cmdline == NULL);
+    avb_assert(slot_data->cmdline == NULL);
+    // Devices with dynamic partitions won't have system partition.
+    // Instead, it has a large super partition to accommodate *.img files.
+    // See b/119551429 for details.
+    if (has_system_partition(ops, ab_suffix)) {
       slot_data->cmdline =
           avb_strdup("root=PARTUUID=$(ANDROID_SYSTEM_PARTUUID)");
-      if (slot_data->cmdline == NULL) {
-        ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
-        goto fail;
-      }
     } else {
-      /* Add options - any failure in avb_append_options() is either an
-       * I/O or OOM error.
-       */
-      AvbSlotVerifyResult sub_ret = avb_append_options(ops,
-                                                       slot_data,
-                                                       &toplevel_vbmeta,
-                                                       algorithm_type,
-                                                       hashtree_error_mode);
-      if (sub_ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
-        ret = sub_ret;
-        goto fail;
-      }
+      // The |cmdline| field should be a NUL-terminated string.
+      slot_data->cmdline = avb_strdup("");
     }
-
-    /* Substitute $(ANDROID_SYSTEM_PARTUUID) and friends. */
-    if (slot_data->cmdline != NULL) {
-      char* new_cmdline;
-      new_cmdline = avb_sub_cmdline(ops,
-                                    slot_data->cmdline,
-                                    ab_suffix,
-                                    using_boot_for_vbmeta,
-                                    additional_cmdline_subst);
-      if (new_cmdline != slot_data->cmdline) {
-        if (new_cmdline == NULL) {
+    if (slot_data->cmdline == NULL) {
+      ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* If requested, manage dm-verity mode... */
+    AvbHashtreeErrorMode resolved_hashtree_error_mode = hashtree_error_mode;
+    if (hashtree_error_mode ==
+        AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO) {
+      AvbIOResult io_ret;
+      io_ret = avb_manage_hashtree_error_mode(
+          ops, flags, slot_data, &resolved_hashtree_error_mode);
+      if (io_ret != AVB_IO_RESULT_OK) {
+        ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO;
+        if (io_ret == AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_OOM) {
           ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
-          goto fail;
         }
-        avb_free(slot_data->cmdline);
-        slot_data->cmdline = new_cmdline;
+        goto fail;
       }
     }
+    slot_data->resolved_hashtree_error_mode = resolved_hashtree_error_mode;
 
-    if (out_data != NULL) {
-      *out_data = slot_data;
-    } else {
-      avb_slot_verify_data_free(slot_data);
+    /* Add options... */
+    AvbSlotVerifyResult sub_ret;
+    sub_ret = avb_append_options(ops,
+                                 flags,
+                                 slot_data,
+                                 &toplevel_vbmeta,
+                                 algorithm_type,
+                                 hashtree_error_mode,
+                                 resolved_hashtree_error_mode);
+    if (sub_ret != AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_OK) {
+      ret = sub_ret;
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Substitute $(ANDROID_SYSTEM_PARTUUID) and friends. */
+  if (slot_data->cmdline != NULL && avb_strlen(slot_data->cmdline) != 0) {
+    char* new_cmdline;
+    new_cmdline = avb_sub_cmdline(ops,
+                                  slot_data->cmdline,
+                                  ab_suffix,
+                                  using_boot_for_vbmeta,
+                                  additional_cmdline_subst);
+    if (new_cmdline != slot_data->cmdline) {
+      if (new_cmdline == NULL) {
+        ret = AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM;
+        goto fail;
+      }
+      avb_free(slot_data->cmdline);
+      slot_data->cmdline = new_cmdline;
     }
   }
 
+  if (out_data != NULL) {
+    *out_data = slot_data;
+  } else {
+    avb_slot_verify_data_free(slot_data);
+  }
+
   avb_free_cmdline_subst_list(additional_cmdline_subst);
   additional_cmdline_subst = NULL;
 
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.h b/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.h
index 73fd70d4ce..8d0fa53693 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.h
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_slot_verify.h
@@ -51,12 +51,25 @@ typedef enum {
  * be used ONLY for diagnostics and debugging. It cannot be used
  * unless AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR is also
  * used.
+ *
+ * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO means that either
+ * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART or AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO is used
+ * depending on state. This mode implements a state machine whereby
+ * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART is used by default and when
+ * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_RESTART_CAUSED_BY_HASHTREE_CORRUPTION is passed the
+ * mode transitions to AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO. When a new OS has been
+ * detected the device transitions back to the AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART
+ * mode. To do this persistent storage is needed - specifically this means that
+ * the passed in AvbOps will need to have the read_persistent_value() and
+ * write_persistent_value() operations implemented. The name of the persistent
+ * value used is "avb.managed_verity_mode" and 32 bytes of storage is needed.
  */
 typedef enum {
   AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART_AND_INVALIDATE,
   AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART,
   AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO,
-  AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_LOGGING
+  AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_LOGGING,
+  AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO
 } AvbHashtreeErrorMode;
 
 /* Flags that influence how avb_slot_verify() works.
@@ -80,10 +93,26 @@ typedef enum {
  * contents loaded from |requested_partition| will be the contents of
  * the entire partition instead of just the size specified in the hash
  * descriptor.
+ *
+ * The AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_RESTART_CAUSED_BY_HASHTREE_CORRUPTION flag
+ * should be set if using AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO
+ * and the reason the boot loader is running is because the device
+ * was restarted by the dm-verity driver.
+ *
+ * If the AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION flag is set then
+ * data won't be loaded from the "vbmeta" partition and the
+ * |validate_vbmeta_public_key| operation is never called. Instead, the
+ * vbmeta structs in |requested_partitions| are loaded and processed and the
+ * |validate_public_key_for_partition| operation is called for each of these
+ * vbmeta structs. This flag is useful when booting into recovery on a device
+ * not using A/B - see section "Booting into recovery" in README.md for
+ * more information.
  */
 typedef enum {
   AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NONE = 0,
-  AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR = (1 << 0)
+  AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_ALLOW_VERIFICATION_ERROR = (1 << 0),
+  AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_RESTART_CAUSED_BY_HASHTREE_CORRUPTION = (1 << 1),
+  AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION = (1 << 2),
 } AvbSlotVerifyFlags;
 
 /* Get a textual representation of |result|. */
@@ -188,6 +217,10 @@ typedef struct {
  *   set to AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO, and 'logging' if it's set to
  *   AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_LOGGING.
  *
+ *   androidboot.veritymode.managed: This is set to 'yes' only
+ *   if hashtree validation isn't disabled and the passed-in hashtree
+ *   error mode is AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO.
+ *
  *   androidboot.vbmeta.invalidate_on_error: This is set to 'yes' only
  *   if hashtree validation isn't disabled and the passed-in hashtree
  *   error mode is AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART_AND_INVALIDATE.
@@ -203,7 +236,9 @@ typedef struct {
  *   PARTUUID=$(ANDROID_VBMETA_PARTUUID) before substitution so it
  *   will end up pointing to the vbmeta partition for the verified
  *   slot. If there is no vbmeta partition it will point to the boot
- *   partition of the verified slot.
+ *   partition of the verified slot. If the flag
+ *   AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_FLAGS_NO_VBMETA_PARTITION is used, this is not
+ *   set.
  *
  *   androidboot.vbmeta.avb_version: This is set to the decimal value
  *   of AVB_VERSION_MAJOR followed by a dot followed by the decimal
@@ -228,6 +263,15 @@ typedef struct {
  * appropriate system partition is substituted in. Note that none of
  * the androidboot.* options mentioned above will be set.
  *
+ * The |resolved_hashtree_error_mode| is the the value of the passed
+ * avb_slot_verify()'s |hashtree_error_mode| parameter except that it never has
+ * the value AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_MANAGED_RESTART_AND_EIO. If this value was
+ * passed in, then the restart/eio state machine is used resulting in
+ * |resolved_hashtree_error_mode| being set to either
+ * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_RESTART or AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO.  If set to
+ * AVB_HASHTREE_ERROR_MODE_EIO the boot loader should present a RED warning
+ * screen for the user to click through before continuing to boot.
+ *
  * This struct may grow in the future without it being considered an
  * ABI break.
  */
@@ -239,6 +283,7 @@ typedef struct {
   size_t num_loaded_partitions;
   char* cmdline;
   uint64_t rollback_indexes[AVB_MAX_NUMBER_OF_ROLLBACK_INDEX_LOCATIONS];
+  AvbHashtreeErrorMode resolved_hashtree_error_mode;
 } AvbSlotVerifyData;
 
 /* Calculates a digest of all vbmeta images in |data| using
@@ -282,12 +327,8 @@ void avb_slot_verify_data_free(AvbSlotVerifyData* data);
  * ignore verification errors which is something needed in the
  * UNLOCKED state. See the AvbSlotVerifyFlags enumeration for details.
  *
- * The |hashtree_error_mode| parameter should be set to the desired
- * error handling mode when hashtree validation fails inside the
- * HLOS. This value isn't used by libavb per se - it is forwarded to
- * the HLOS through the androidboot.veritymode and
- * androidboot.vbmeta.invalidate_on_error cmdline parameters. See the
- * AvbHashtreeErrorMode enumeration for details.
+ * The |hashtree_error_mode| parameter should be set to the desired error
+ * handling mode. See the AvbHashtreeErrorMode enumeration for details.
  *
  * Also note that |out_data| is never set if
  * AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_OOM, AVB_SLOT_VERIFY_RESULT_ERROR_IO,
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps.h b/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps.h
index f032de4a2e..f52428cc62 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps.h
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps.h
@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@ int avb_memcmp(const void* src1,
  */
 int avb_strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2);
 
+/* Compare |n| bytes in two strings.
+ *
+ * Return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the
+ * first |n| bytes of |s1| is found, respectively, to be less than,
+ * to match, or be greater than the first |n| bytes of |s2|.
+ */
+int avb_strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
+
 /* Copy |n| bytes from |src| to |dest|. */
 void* avb_memcpy(void* dest, const void* src, size_t n);
 
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps_posix.c b/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps_posix.c
index e9addc1c87..4ccf41e428 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps_posix.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_sysdeps_posix.c
@@ -24,14 +24,12 @@ int avb_strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2) {
   return strcmp(s1, s2);
 }
 
-size_t avb_strlen(const char* str) {
-  return strlen(str);
+int avb_strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n) {
+  return strncmp(s1, s2, n);
 }
 
-uint32_t avb_div_by_10(uint64_t* dividend) {
-  uint32_t rem = (uint32_t)(*dividend % 10);
-  *dividend /= 10;
-  return rem;
+size_t avb_strlen(const char* str) {
+  return strlen(str);
 }
 
 void avb_abort(void) {
@@ -60,3 +58,9 @@ void* avb_malloc_(size_t size) {
 void avb_free(void* ptr) {
   free(ptr);
 }
+
+uint32_t avb_div_by_10(uint64_t* dividend) {
+  uint32_t rem = (uint32_t)(*dividend % 10);
+  *dividend /= 10;
+  return rem;
+}
diff --git a/lib/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.c b/lib/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.c
index a7e2322b9e..384f5ac19e 100644
--- a/lib/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.c
+++ b/lib/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.c
@@ -35,17 +35,18 @@ AvbVBMetaVerifyResult avb_vbmeta_image_verify(
     *out_public_key_length = 0;
   }
 
+  /* Before we byteswap or compare Magic, ensure length is long enough. */
+  if (length < sizeof(AvbVBMetaImageHeader)) {
+    avb_error("Length is smaller than header.\n");
+    goto out;
+  }
+
   /* Ensure magic is correct. */
   if (avb_safe_memcmp(data, AVB_MAGIC, AVB_MAGIC_LEN) != 0) {
     avb_error("Magic is incorrect.\n");
     goto out;
   }
 
-  /* Before we byteswap, ensure length is long enough. */
-  if (length < sizeof(AvbVBMetaImageHeader)) {
-    avb_error("Length is smaller than header.\n");
-    goto out;
-  }
   avb_vbmeta_image_header_to_host_byte_order((const AvbVBMetaImageHeader*)data,
                                              &h);
 
