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> <li>GCC 7 can determine the return value or range of return values of
> some calls to the <code>sprintf</code> family of functions and make
> it available to other optimization passes. Some calls to the <code>
> snprintf</code> function with a zero size argument can be folded
> into constants. The optimization is included in <code>-O1</code>
> and can be selectively controlled by the
> <code>-fprintf-return-value</code> option.</li>
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> <li>GCC 7 contains a number of enhancements that help detect buffer overflow
> and other forms of invalid memory accesses.
> <ul>
> <li><p>The <code>-Walloc-size-larger-than=<i>size</i></code> option
> detects calls to standard and user-defined memory allocation
> functions decorated with attribute <code>alloc_size</code> whose
> argument exceeds the specified <code><i>size</i></code>
> (<code>PTRDIFF_MAX</code> by default). The option also detects
> arithmetic overflow in the computation of the size in two-argument
> allocation functions like <code>calloc</code> where the total size
> is the product of the two arguments. Since calls with an excessive
> size cannot succeed they are typically the result of programming
> errors. Such bugs have been known to be the source of
> vulnerabilities and a target of exploits.
> <code>-Walloc-size-larger-than=<i>PTRDIFF_MAX</i></code> is included
> in <code>-Wall</code>.</p>
> <p>For example, the following call to <b>malloc</b> incorrectly tries
> to avoid passing a negative argument to the function and instead ends
> up unconditionally invoking it with an argument less than or equal
> to zero. Since after conversion to the type of the argument of the
> function (<code>size_t</code>) a negative argument results in a value
> in excess of the maximum <code>PTRDIFF_MAX</code> the call is diagnosed.
> <blockquote><pre>
> void* f (int n)
> {
> return malloc (n > 0 ? 0 : n);
> }
>
> <span class="boldmagenta">warning: </span>argument 1 range [2147483648, 4294967295] exceeds maximum object size 2147483647 [<span class="boldmagenta">-Walloc-size-larger-than=</span>]</pre></blockquote></p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Walloc-zero</code> option detects calls to standard
> and user-defined memory allocation functions decorated with attribute
> <code>alloc_size</code> with a zero argument. <code>-Walloc-zero</code>
> is not included in either <code>-Wall</code> or <code>-Wextra</code>
> and must be explicitly enabled.</p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Walloca</code> option detects all calls to the
> <code>alloca</code> function in the program. <code>-Walloca</code>
> is not included in either <code>-Wall</code> or <code>-Wextra</code>
> and must be explicitly enabled.</p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Walloca-larger-than=<i>size</i></code> option detects
> calls to the <code>alloca</code> function whose argument either may
> exceed the specified <code><i>size</i></code>, or that is not known
> to be sufficiently constrained to avoid exceeding it.
> <code>-Walloca-larger-than</code> is not included in either
> <code>-Wall</code> or <code>-Wextra</code> and must be explicitly
> enabled.</p>
> <p>For example, compiling the following snippet with
> <code>-Walloca-larger-than=1024</code> results in a warning because
> even though the code appears to call <code>alloca</code> only with
> sizes of 1kb and less, since <code>n</code> is signed, a negative
> value would result in a call to the function well in excess of
> the limit.
> <blockquote><pre>
> void f (int n)
> {
> char *d;
> if (n < 1025)
> d = alloca (n);
> else
> d = malloc (n);
> …
> }
>
> <span class="boldmagenta">warning: </span>argument to '<b>alloca</b> may be too large due to conversion from '<b>int</b>' to '<b>long unsigned int</b>' [<span class="boldmagenta">-Walloca-larger-than=</span>]</pre></blockquote></p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Wformat-overflow=<i>level</i></code> option detects
> certain and likely buffer overflow in calls to the <code>sprintf</code>
> family of formatted output functions. Although the option is enabled
> even without optimization it works best with <code>-O2</code> and
> higher.</p>
> <p>For example, in the following snippet the call to
> <b><code>sprintf</code></b> is diagnosed because even though its
> output has been constrained using the modulo operation it could
> result in as many as three bytes if <code>mday</code> were negative.
> The solution is to either allocate a larger buffer or make sure
> the argument is not negative, for example by changing <code>mday</code>'s
> type to <code>unsigned</code> or by making the type of the second operand
> of the modulo expression to <code>unsigned</code>: <code>100U</code>.
> <blockquote><pre>
> void* f (int mday)
> {
> char *buf = malloc (3);
> sprintf (buf, "%02i", mday % 100);
> return buf;
> }
>
> <span class="boldmagenta">warning: </span>'<b>sprintf</b> may write a terminating nul past the end of the destination [<span class="boldmagenta">-Wformat-overflow=</span>]
> <span class="boldcyan">note: </span>'<b>sprintf</b>' output between 3 and 4 bytes into a destination of size 3</pre></blockquote></p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Wformat-truncation=<i>level</i></code> option detects
> certain and likely output truncation in calls to the
> <code>snprintf</code> family of formatted output functions.
> <code>-Wformat-overflow=<i>1</i></code> is included in
> <code>-Wall</code> and enabled without optimization but works best
> with <code>-O2</code> and higher.</p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Wnonnull</code> option has been enhanced to detect
> a broader set of cases of passing null pointers to functions that
> expect a non-null argument (those decorated with attribute
> <code>nonnull</code>). By taking advantage of optimization the option
> can detect many more cases of the problem than in prior GCC
> versions.</p></li>
> <li><p>The <code>-Wstringop-overflow=<i>type</i></code> option detects
> buffer overflow in calls to string manipulation functions like
> <code>memcpy</code> and <code>strcpy</code>. The option relies
> on Object Size Checking and has an effect similar to defining
> the <code>_FORTIFY_SOURCE</code> macro.
> <code>-Wstringop-overflow=<i>1</i></code> is enabled by default.</p>
> <p>For example, in the following snippet, because the call to
> <code>strncat</code> specifies a maximum that allows the function to
> write past the end of the destination, it is diagnosed. To correct
> the problem and avoid the overflow the function should be called
> with a size of at most <code>sizeof d - strlen(d)</code>.
> <blockquote><pre>
> void f (const char *fname)
> {
> char d[8];
> strncpy (d, "/tmp/", sizeof d);
> strncat (d, fname, sizeof d);
> }
>
> <span class="boldmagenta">warning: </span>specified bound 8 equals the size of the destination [<span class="boldmagenta">-Wstringop-overflow=</span>]</pre>
> </blockquote></p></li>
> </ul>
> </li>