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[93.34.182.16]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id m6sm2744894pbd.5.2012.03.28.06.42.32 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=OTHER); Wed, 28 Mar 2012 06:42:34 -0700 (PDT) From: Paolo Bonzini To: qemu-devel@nongnu.org Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:42:05 +0200 Message-Id: <1332942127-8964-6-git-send-email-pbonzini@redhat.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 1.7.9.1 In-Reply-To: <1332942127-8964-1-git-send-email-pbonzini@redhat.com> References: <1332942127-8964-1-git-send-email-pbonzini@redhat.com> X-detected-operating-system: by eggs.gnu.org: Genre and OS details not recognized. X-Received-From: 209.85.160.173 Cc: Anthony Liguori Subject: [Qemu-devel] [PATCH v4 5/7] qtest: add C version of test infrastructure X-BeenThere: qemu-devel@nongnu.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.14 Precedence: list List-Id: List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Errors-To: qemu-devel-bounces+incoming=patchwork.ozlabs.org@nongnu.org Sender: qemu-devel-bounces+incoming=patchwork.ozlabs.org@nongnu.org From: Anthony Liguori This also includes a qtest wrapper script to make it easier to launch qtest tests directly. Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini --- osdep.h | 2 + qemu-common.h | 1 - tests/Makefile | 26 ++++- tests/libqtest.c | 385 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tests/libqtest.h | 333 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 743 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) create mode 100644 tests/libqtest.c create mode 100644 tests/libqtest.h diff --git a/osdep.h b/osdep.h index 156666e..428285c 100644 --- a/osdep.h +++ b/osdep.h @@ -140,4 +140,6 @@ static inline void qemu_timersub(const struct timeval *val1, #define qemu_timersub timersub #endif +void qemu_set_cloexec(int fd); + #endif diff --git a/qemu-common.h b/qemu-common.h index c9e96a8..4647dd9 100644 --- a/qemu-common.h +++ b/qemu-common.h @@ -190,7 +190,6 @@ ssize_t qemu_send_full(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count, int flags) QEMU_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT; ssize_t qemu_recv_full(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, int flags) QEMU_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT; -void qemu_set_cloexec(int fd); #ifndef _WIN32 int qemu_eventfd(int pipefd[2]); diff --git a/tests/Makefile b/tests/Makefile index 249f972..99ca308 100644 --- a/tests/Makefile +++ b/tests/Makefile @@ -58,11 +58,22 @@ tests/test-qmp-input-visitor$(EXESUF): tests/test-qmp-input-visitor.o $(test-qap tests/test-qmp-input-strict$(EXESUF): tests/test-qmp-input-strict.o $(test-qapi-obj-y) tests/test-qmp-commands$(EXESUF): tests/test-qmp-commands.o tests/test-qmp-marshal.o $(test-qapi-obj-y) +# QTest rules + +TARGETS=$(patsubst %-softmmu,%, $(filter %-softmmu,$(TARGET_DIRS))) +QTEST_TARGETS=$(foreach TARGET,$(TARGETS), $(if $(check-qtest-$(TARGET)-y), $(TARGET),)) +check-qtest-$(CONFIG_POSIX)=$(foreach TARGET,$(TARGETS), $(check-qtest-$(TARGET)-y)) + +qtest-obj-y = tests/libqtest.o $(oslib-obj-y) +$(check-qtest-y): $(qtest-obj-y) + .PHONY: check-help check-help: @echo "Regression testing targets:" @echo @echo " make check Run all tests" + @echo " make check-qtest-TARGET Run qtest tests for given target" + @echo " make check-qtest Run qtest tests" @echo " make check-unit Run qobject tests" @echo " make check-block Run block tests" @echo " make check-report.html Generates an HTML test report" @@ -81,18 +91,27 @@ GTESTER_OPTIONS = -k $(if $(V),--verbose,-q) # gtester tests, possibly with verbose output +.PHONY: $(patsubst %, check-qtest-%, $(QTEST_TARGETS)) +$(patsubst %, check-qtest-%, $(QTEST_TARGETS)): check-qtest-%: $(check-qtest-y) + $(call quiet-command,QTEST_QEMU_BINARY=$*-softmmu/qemu-system-$* \ + gtester $(GTESTER_OPTIONS) -m=$(SPEED) $(check-qtest-$*-y),"GTESTER $@") + .PHONY: $(patsubst %, check-%, $(check-unit-y)) $(patsubst %, check-%, $(check-unit-y)): check-%: % $(call quiet-command,gtester $(GTESTER_OPTIONS) -m=$(SPEED) $*,"GTESTER $*") # gtester tests with XML output +$(patsubst %, check-report-qtest-%.xml, $(QTEST_TARGETS)): check-report-qtest-%.xml: $(check-qtest-y) + $(call quiet-command,QTEST_QEMU_BINARY=$*-softmmu/qemu-system-$* \ + gtester -q $(GTESTER_OPTIONS) -o $@ -m=$(SPEED) $(check-qtest-$*-y),"GTESTER $@") + check-report-unit.xml: $(check-unit-y) $(call quiet-command,gtester -q $(GTESTER_OPTIONS) -o $@ -m=$(SPEED) $^, "GTESTER $@") # Reports and overall runs -check-report.xml: check-report-unit.xml +check-report.xml: $(patsubst %,check-report-qtest-%.xml, $(QTEST_TARGETS)) check-report-unit.xml $(call quiet-command,$(SRC_PATH)/scripts/gtester-cat $^ > $@, " GEN $@") check-report.html: check-report.xml @@ -107,7 +126,8 @@ check-tests/qemu-iotests-quick.sh: tests/qemu-iotests-quick.sh qemu-img$(EXESUF) # Consolidated targets -.PHONY: check-unit check +.PHONY: check-qtest check-unit check +check-qtest: $(patsubst %,check-qtest-%, $(QTEST_TARGETS)) check-unit: $(patsubst %,check-%, $(check-unit-y)) check-block: $(patsubst %,check-%, $(check-block-y)) -check: check-unit +check: check-unit check-qtest diff --git a/tests/libqtest.c b/tests/libqtest.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e2b9de --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/libqtest.c @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +/* + * QTest + * + * Copyright IBM, Corp. 2012 + * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2012 + * + * Authors: + * Anthony Liguori + * Paolo Bonzini + * + * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later. + * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory. + * + */ +#include "libqtest.h" + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "osdep.h" + +#define MAX_IRQ 256 + +QTestState *global_qtest; + +struct QTestState +{ + int fd; + bool irq_level[MAX_IRQ]; + GString *rx; + gchar *pid_file; +}; + +#define g_assert_no_errno(ret) do { \ + g_assert_cmpint(ret, !=, -1); \ +} while (0) + +QTestState *qtest_init(const char *extra_args) +{ + QTestState *s; + struct sockaddr_un addr; + int sock, ret, i; + gchar *socket_path; + gchar *pid_file; + gchar *command; + const char *qemu_binary; + pid_t pid; + socklen_t addrlen; + + qemu_binary = getenv("QTEST_QEMU_BINARY"); + g_assert(qemu_binary != NULL); + + socket_path = g_strdup_printf("/tmp/qtest-%d.sock", getpid()); + pid_file = g_strdup_printf("/tmp/qtest-%d.pid", getpid()); + + s = g_malloc(sizeof(*s)); + + sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + g_assert_no_errno(sock); + + addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; + snprintf(addr.sun_path, sizeof(addr.sun_path), "%s", socket_path); + qemu_set_cloexec(sock); + + do { + ret = bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr)); + } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR); + g_assert_no_errno(ret); + listen(sock, 1); + + pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) { + command = g_strdup_printf("%s " + "-qtest unix:%s,nowait " + "-qtest-log /dev/null " + "-pidfile %s " + "-machine accel=qtest " + "%s", qemu_binary, socket_path, + pid_file, + extra_args ?: ""); + + ret = system(command); + exit(ret); + g_free(command); + } + + do { + ret = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrlen); + } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR); + g_assert_no_errno(ret); + close(sock); + + s->fd = ret; + s->rx = g_string_new(""); + s->pid_file = pid_file; + for (i = 0; i < MAX_IRQ; i++) { + s->irq_level[i] = false; + } + + g_free(socket_path); + + return s; +} + +void qtest_quit(QTestState *s) +{ + FILE *f; + char buffer[1024]; + + f = fopen(s->pid_file, "r"); + if (f) { + if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), f)) { + pid_t pid = atoi(buffer); + int status = 0; + + kill(pid, SIGTERM); + waitpid(pid, &status, 0); + } + + fclose(f); + } +} + +static void qtest_sendf(QTestState *s, const char *fmt, ...) +{ + va_list ap; + gchar *str; + size_t size, offset; + + va_start(ap, fmt); + str = g_strdup_vprintf(fmt, ap); + va_end(ap); + size = strlen(str); + + offset = 0; + while (offset < size) { + ssize_t len; + + len = write(s->fd, str + offset, size - offset); + if (len == -1 && errno == EINTR) { + continue; + } + + g_assert_no_errno(len); + g_assert_cmpint(len, >, 0); + + offset += len; + } +} + +static GString *qtest_recv_line(QTestState *s) +{ + GString *line; + size_t offset; + char *eol; + + while ((eol = strchr(s->rx->str, '\n')) == NULL) { + ssize_t len; + char buffer[1024]; + + len = read(s->fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); + if (len == -1 && errno == EINTR) { + continue; + } + + if (len == -1 || len == 0) { + fprintf(stderr, "Broken pipe\n"); + exit(1); + } + + g_string_append_len(s->rx, buffer, len); + } + + offset = eol - s->rx->str; + line = g_string_new_len(s->rx->str, offset); + g_string_erase(s->rx, 0, offset + 1); + + return line; +} + +static gchar **qtest_rsp(QTestState *s, int expected_args) +{ + GString *line; + gchar **words; + int i; + +redo: + line = qtest_recv_line(s); + words = g_strsplit(line->str, " ", 0); + g_string_free(line, TRUE); + + if (strcmp(words[0], "IRQ") == 0) { + int irq; + + g_assert(words[1] != NULL); + g_assert(words[2] != NULL); + + irq = strtoul(words[2], NULL, 0); + g_assert_cmpint(irq, >=, 0); + g_assert_cmpint(irq, <, MAX_IRQ); + + if (strcmp(words[1], "raise") == 0) { + s->irq_level[irq] = true; + } else { + s->irq_level[irq] = false; + } + + g_strfreev(words); + goto redo; + } + + g_assert(words[0] != NULL); + g_assert_cmpstr(words[0], ==, "OK"); + + if (expected_args) { + for (i = 0; i < expected_args; i++) { + g_assert(words[i] != NULL); + } + } else { + g_strfreev(words); + } + + return words; +} + +const char *qtest_get_arch(void) +{ + const char *qemu = getenv("QTEST_QEMU_BINARY"); + const char *end = strrchr(qemu, '/'); + + return end + strlen("/qemu-system-"); +} + +bool qtest_get_irq(QTestState *s, int num) +{ + /* dummy operation in order to make sure irq is up to date */ + qtest_inb(s, 0); + + return s->irq_level[num]; +} + +static int64_t qtest_clock_rsp(QTestState *s) +{ + gchar **words; + int64_t clock; + words = qtest_rsp(s, 2); + clock = g_ascii_strtoll(words[1], NULL, 0); + g_strfreev(words); + return clock; +} + +int64_t qtest_clock_step_next(QTestState *s) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "clock_step\n"); + return qtest_clock_rsp(s); +} + +int64_t qtest_clock_step(QTestState *s, int64_t step) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "clock_step %"PRIi64"\n", step); + return qtest_clock_rsp(s); +} + +int64_t qtest_clock_set(QTestState *s, int64_t val) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "clock_set %"PRIi64"\n", val); + return qtest_clock_rsp(s); +} + +void qtest_irq_intercept_out(QTestState *s, const char *qom_path) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "irq_intercept_out %s\n", qom_path); + qtest_rsp(s, 0); +} + +void qtest_irq_intercept_in(QTestState *s, const char *qom_path) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "irq_intercept_in %s\n", qom_path); + qtest_rsp(s, 0); +} + +static void qtest_out(QTestState *s, const char *cmd, uint16_t addr, uint32_t value) +{ + qtest_sendf(s, "%s 0x%x 0x%x\n", cmd, addr, value); + qtest_rsp(s, 0); +} + +void qtest_outb(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) +{ + qtest_out(s, "outb", addr, value); +} + +void qtest_outw(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint16_t value) +{ + qtest_out(s, "outw", addr, value); +} + +void qtest_outl(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint32_t value) +{ + qtest_out(s, "outl", addr, value); +} + +static uint32_t qtest_in(QTestState *s, const char *cmd, uint16_t addr) +{ + gchar **args; + uint32_t value; + + qtest_sendf(s, "%s 0x%x\n", cmd, addr); + args = qtest_rsp(s, 2); + value = strtoul(args[1], NULL, 0); + g_strfreev(args); + + return value; +} + +uint8_t qtest_inb(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr) +{ + return qtest_in(s, "inb", addr); +} + +uint16_t qtest_inw(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr) +{ + return qtest_in(s, "inw", addr); +} + +uint32_t qtest_inl(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr) +{ + return qtest_in(s, "inl", addr); +} + +static int hex2nib(char ch) +{ + if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') { + return ch - '0'; + } else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f') { + return 10 + (ch - 'a'); + } else if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F') { + return 10 + (ch - 'a'); + } else { + return -1; + } +} + +void qtest_memread(QTestState *s, uint64_t addr, void *data, size_t size) +{ + uint8_t *ptr = data; + gchar **args; + size_t i; + + qtest_sendf(s, "read 0x%x 0x%x\n", addr, size); + args = qtest_rsp(s, 2); + + for (i = 0; i < size; i++) { + ptr[i] = hex2nib(args[1][2 + (i * 2)]) << 4; + ptr[i] |= hex2nib(args[1][2 + (i * 2) + 1]); + } + + g_strfreev(args); +} + +void qtest_add_func(const char *str, void (*fn)) +{ + gchar *path = g_strdup_printf("/%s/%s", qtest_get_arch(), str); + g_test_add_func(path, fn); +} + +void qtest_memwrite(QTestState *s, uint64_t addr, const void *data, size_t size) +{ + const uint8_t *ptr = data; + size_t i; + + qtest_sendf(s, "write 0x%x 0x%x 0x", addr, size); + for (i = 0; i < size; i++) { + qtest_sendf(s, "%02x", ptr[i]); + } + qtest_sendf(s, "\n"); + qtest_rsp(s, 0); +} diff --git a/tests/libqtest.h b/tests/libqtest.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e35610f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/libqtest.h @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +/* + * QTest + * + * Copyright IBM, Corp. 2012 + * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2012 + * + * Authors: + * Anthony Liguori + * Paolo Bonzini + * + * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later. + * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory. + * + */ +#ifndef LIBQTEST_H +#define LIBQTEST_H + +#include +#include +#include + +typedef struct QTestState QTestState; + +extern QTestState *global_qtest; + +/** + * qtest_init: + * @extra_args: other arguments to pass to QEMU. + */ +QTestState *qtest_init(const char *extra_args); + +/** + * qtest_quit: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * + * Shut down the QEMU process associated to @s. + */ +void qtest_quit(QTestState *s); + +/** + * qtest_get_irq: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @num: Interrupt to observe. + * + * Return the level of the @num interrupt. + */ +bool qtest_get_irq(QTestState *s, int num); + +/** + * qtest_irq_intercept_in: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @string: QOM path of a device. + * + * Associate qtest irqs with the GPIO-in pins of the device + * whose path is specified by @string. + */ +void qtest_irq_intercept_in(QTestState *s, const char *string); + +/** + * qtest_irq_intercept_out: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @string: QOM path of a device. + * + * Associate qtest irqs with the GPIO-out pins of the device + * whose path is specified by @string. + */ +void qtest_irq_intercept_out(QTestState *s, const char *string); + +/** + * qtest_outb: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write an 8-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +void qtest_outb(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint8_t value); + +/** + * qtest_outw: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write a 16-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +void qtest_outw(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint16_t value); + +/** + * qtest_outl: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write a 32-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +void qtest_outl(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr, uint32_t value); + +/** + * qtest_inb: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns an 8-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +uint8_t qtest_inb(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr); + +/** + * qtest_inw: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns a 16-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +uint16_t qtest_inw(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr); + +/** + * qtest_inl: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns a 32-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +uint32_t qtest_inl(QTestState *s, uint16_t addr); + +/** + * qtest_memread: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: Guest address to read from. + * @data: Pointer to where memory contents will be stored. + * @size: Number of bytes to read. + * + * Read guest memory into a buffer. + */ +void qtest_memread(QTestState *s, uint64_t addr, void *data, size_t size); + +/** + * qtest_memwrite: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @addr: Guest address to write to. + * @data: Pointer to the bytes that will be written to guest memory. + * @size: Number of bytes to write. + * + * Write a buffer to guest memory. + */ +void qtest_memwrite(QTestState *s, uint64_t addr, const void *data, size_t size); + +/** + * qtest_clock_step_next: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * + * Advance the vm_clock to the next deadline. Return the current + * value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +int64_t qtest_clock_step_next(QTestState *s); + +/** + * qtest_clock_step: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @step: Number of nanoseconds to advance the clock by. + * + * Advance the vm_clock by @step nanoseconds. Return the current + * value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +int64_t qtest_clock_step(QTestState *s, int64_t step); + +/** + * qtest_clock_set: + * @s: QTestState instance to operate on. + * @val: Nanoseconds value to advance the clock to. + * + * Advance the vm_clock to @val nanoseconds since the VM was launched. + * Return the current value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +int64_t qtest_clock_set(QTestState *s, int64_t val); + +/** + * qtest_get_arch: + * + * Returns the architecture for the QEMU executable under test. + */ +const char *qtest_get_arch(void); + +/** + * qtest_add_func: + * @str: Test case path. + * @fn: Test case function + * + * Add a GTester testcase with the given name and function. + * The path is prefixed with the architecture under test, as + * returned by qtest_get_arch. + */ +void qtest_add_func(const char *str, void (*fn)); + +/** + * qtest_start: + * @args: other arguments to pass to QEMU + * + * Start QEMU and assign the resulting QTestState to a global variable. + * The global variable is used by "shortcut" macros documented below. + */ +#define qtest_start(args) ( \ + global_qtest = qtest_init((args)) \ + ) + +/** + * get_irq: + * @num: Interrupt to observe. + * + * Return the level of the @num interrupt. + */ +#define get_irq(num) qtest_get_irq(global_qtest, num) + +/** + * irq_intercept_in: + * @string: QOM path of a device. + * + * Associate qtest irqs with the GPIO-in pins of the device + * whose path is specified by @string. + */ +#define irq_intercept_in(string) qtest_irq_intercept_in(global_qtest, string) + +/** + * qtest_irq_intercept_out: + * @string: QOM path of a device. + * + * Associate qtest irqs with the GPIO-out pins of the device + * whose path is specified by @string. + */ +#define irq_intercept_out(string) qtest_irq_intercept_out(global_qtest, string) + +/** + * outb: + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write an 8-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +#define outb(addr, val) qtest_outb(global_qtest, addr, val) + +/** + * outw: + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write a 16-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +#define outw(addr, val) qtest_outw(global_qtest, addr, val) + +/** + * outl: + * @addr: I/O port to write to. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Write a 32-bit value to an I/O port. + */ +#define outl(addr, val) qtest_outl(global_qtest, addr, val) + +/** + * inb: + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns an 8-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +#define inb(addr) qtest_inb(global_qtest, addr) + +/** + * inw: + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns a 16-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +#define inw(addr) qtest_inw(global_qtest, addr) + +/** + * inl: + * @addr: I/O port to read from. + * @value: Value being written. + * + * Returns a 32-bit value from an I/O port. + */ +#define inl(addr) qtest_inl(global_qtest, addr) + +/** + * memread: + * @addr: Guest address to read from. + * @data: Pointer to where memory contents will be stored. + * @size: Number of bytes to read. + * + * Read guest memory into a buffer. + */ +#define memread(addr, data, size) qtest_memread(global_qtest, addr, data, size) + +/** + * memwrite: + * @addr: Guest address to write to. + * @data: Pointer to the bytes that will be written to guest memory. + * @size: Number of bytes to write. + * + * Write a buffer to guest memory. + */ +#define memwrite(addr, data, size) qtest_memwrite(global_qtest, addr, data, size) + +/** + * clock_step_next: + * + * Advance the vm_clock to the next deadline. Return the current + * value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +#define clock_step_next() qtest_clock_step_next(global_qtest) + +/** + * clock_step: + * @step: Number of nanoseconds to advance the clock by. + * + * Advance the vm_clock by @step nanoseconds. Return the current + * value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +#define clock_step(step) qtest_clock_step(global_qtest, step) + +/** + * clock_set: + * @val: Nanoseconds value to advance the clock to. + * + * Advance the vm_clock to @val nanoseconds since the VM was launched. + * Return the current value of the vm_clock in nanoseconds. + */ +#define clock_set(val) qtest_clock_set(global_qtest, val) + +#endif