[v2,1/2] arm64: arch_timer: Workaround for Allwinner A64 timer instability

The Allwinner A64 SoC is known [1] to have an unstable architectural
timer, which manifests itself most obviously in the time jumping forward
a multiple of 95 years [2][3]. This coincides with 2^56 cycles at a
timer frequency of 24 MHz, implying that the time went slightly backward
(and this was interpreted by the kernel as it jumping forward and
wrapping around past the epoch).

Further investigation revealed instability in the low bits of CNTVCT at
the point a high bit rolls over. This leads to power-of-two cycle
forward and backward jumps. (Testing shows that forward jumps are about
twice as likely as backward jumps.)

Without trapping reads to CNTVCT, a userspace program is able to read it
in a loop faster than it changes. A test program running on all 4 CPU
cores that reported jumps larger than 100 ms was run for 13.6 hours and
reported the following:

 Count | Event
-------+---------------------------
  9940 | jumped backward      699ms
   268 | jumped backward     1398ms
     1 | jumped backward     2097ms
 16020 | jumped forward       175ms
  6443 | jumped forward       699ms
  2976 | jumped forward      1398ms
     9 | jumped forward    356516ms
     9 | jumped forward    357215ms
     4 | jumped forward    714430ms
     1 | jumped forward   3578440ms

This works out to a jump larger than 100 ms about every 5.5 seconds on
each CPU core.

The largest jump (almost an hour!) was the following sequence of reads:
      0x0000007fffffffff → 0x00000093feffffff → 0x0000008000000000

Note that the middle bits don't necessarily all read as all zeroes or
all ones during the anomalous behavior; however the low 11 bits checked
by the function in this patch have never been observed with any other
value.

Also note that smaller jumps are much more common, with the smallest
backward jumps of 2048 (2^11) cycles observed over 400 times per second
on each core. (Of course, this is partially due to lower bits rolling
over more frequently.) Any one of these could have caused the 95 year
time skip.

Similar anomalies were observed while reading CNTPCT (after patching the
kernel to allow reads from userspace). However, the CNTPCT jumps are
much less frequent, and only small jumps were observed. The same program
as before (except now reading CNTPCT) observed after 72 hours:

 Count | Event
-------+---------------------------
    17 | jumped backward      699ms
    52 | jumped forward       175ms
  2831 | jumped forward       699ms
     5 | jumped forward      1398ms

On 12/07/18 03:25, Samuel Holland wrote:
> The Allwinner A64 SoC is known [1] to have an unstable architectural
> timer, which manifests itself most obviously in the time jumping forward
> a multiple of 95 years [2][3]. This coincides with 2^56 cycles at a
> timer frequency of 24 MHz, implying that the time went slightly backward
> (and this was interpreted by the kernel as it jumping forward and
> wrapping around past the epoch).
> 
> Further investigation revealed instability in the low bits of CNTVCT at
> the point a high bit rolls over. This leads to power-of-two cycle
> forward and backward jumps. (Testing shows that forward jumps are about
> twice as likely as backward jumps.)
> 
> Without trapping reads to CNTVCT, a userspace program is able to read it
> in a loop faster than it changes. A test program running on all 4 CPU
> cores that reported jumps larger than 100 ms was run for 13.6 hours and
> reported the following:
> 
>  Count | Event
> -------+---------------------------
>   9940 | jumped backward      699ms
>    268 | jumped backward     1398ms
>      1 | jumped backward     2097ms
>  16020 | jumped forward       175ms
>   6443 | jumped forward       699ms
>   2976 | jumped forward      1398ms
>      9 | jumped forward    356516ms
>      9 | jumped forward    357215ms
>      4 | jumped forward    714430ms
>      1 | jumped forward   3578440ms
> 
> This works out to a jump larger than 100 ms about every 5.5 seconds on
> each CPU core.
> 
> The largest jump (almost an hour!) was the following sequence of reads:
>       0x0000007fffffffff → 0x00000093feffffff → 0x0000008000000000
> 
> Note that the middle bits don't necessarily all read as all zeroes or
> all ones during the anomalous behavior; however the low 11 bits checked
> by the function in this patch have never been observed with any other
> value.
> 
> Also note that smaller jumps are much more common, with the smallest
> backward jumps of 2048 (2^11) cycles observed over 400 times per second
> on each core. (Of course, this is partially due to lower bits rolling
> over more frequently.) Any one of these could have caused the 95 year
> time skip.
> 
> Similar anomalies were observed while reading CNTPCT (after patching the
> kernel to allow reads from userspace). However, the CNTPCT jumps are
> much less frequent, and only small jumps were observed. The same program
> as before (except now reading CNTPCT) observed after 72 hours:
> 
>  Count | Event
> -------+---------------------------
>     17 | jumped backward      699ms
>     52 | jumped forward       175ms
>   2831 | jumped forward       699ms
>      5 | jumped forward      1398ms
> 
> ========================================================================
> 
> Because the CPU can read the CNTPCT/CNTVCT registers faster than they
> change, performing two reads of the register and comparing the high bits
> (like other workarounds) is not a workable solution. And because the
> timer can jump both forward and backward, no pair of reads can
> distinguish a good value from a bad one. The only way to guarantee a
> good value from consecutive reads would be to read _three_ times, and
> take the middle value iff the three values are 1) individually unique
> and 2) increasing. This takes at minimum 3 cycles (125 ns), or more if
> an anomaly is detected.
> 
> However, since there is a distinct pattern to the bad values, we can
> optimize the common case (2046/2048 of the time) to a single read by
> simply ignoring values that match the pattern. This still takes no more
> than 3 cycles in the worst case, and requires much less code.
> 
> As an additional safety check, limit the loop iteration based on the
> number of maximum-frequency CPU cycles in three 24 MHz counter periods.
> 
> [1]: https://github.com/armbian/build/commit/a08cd6fe7ae9
> [2]: https://forum.armbian.com/topic/3458-a64-datetime-clock-issue/
> [3]: https://irclog.whitequark.org/linux-sunxi/2018-01-26
> 
> Tested-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Samuel Holland <samuel@sholland.org>
> ---
>  drivers/clocksource/Kconfig          | 11 +++++++++
>  drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  2 files changed, 54 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/clocksource/Kconfig b/drivers/clocksource/Kconfig
> index 8e8a09755d10..7a5d434dd30b 100644
> --- a/drivers/clocksource/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/clocksource/Kconfig
> @@ -364,6 +364,17 @@ config ARM64_ERRATUM_858921
>  	  The workaround will be dynamically enabled when an affected
>  	  core is detected.
>  
> +config SUN50I_A64_UNSTABLE_TIMER
> +	bool "Workaround for Allwinner A64 timer instability"
> +	default y
> +	depends on ARM_ARCH_TIMER && ARM64 && ARCH_SUNXI
> +	select ARM_ARCH_TIMER_OOL_WORKAROUND
> +	help
> +	  This option enables a workaround for instability in the timer on
> +	  the Allwinner A64 SoC. The workaround will only be active if the
> +	  allwinner,sun50i-a64-unstable-timer property is found in the
> +	  timer node.
> +

This still missing some documentation in Documentation/arm64/silicon-errata.txt.

Since the silicon vendor has gone AWOL, I suggest the platform maintainers
put together an SoC-specific namespace, and maintain it, so that we track
what is handled where. Something like "AW_SUN50I_UNKOWN_1".

>  config ARM_GLOBAL_TIMER
>  	bool "Support for the ARM global timer" if COMPILE_TEST
>  	select TIMER_OF if OF
> diff --git a/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c b/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
> index 57cb2f00fc07..4fba50716bda 100644
> --- a/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
> +++ b/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
> @@ -319,6 +319,40 @@ static u64 notrace arm64_858921_read_cntvct_el0(void)
>  }
>  #endif
>  
> +#ifdef CONFIG_SUN50I_A64_UNSTABLE_TIMER
> +/*
> + * The low bits of each register can transiently read as all ones or all zeroes
> + * when bit 11 or greater rolls over. Since the value can jump both backward
> + * (7ff -> 000 -> 800) and forward (7ff -> fff -> 800), it is simplest to just
> + * ignore register values with all ones or zeros in the low bits.
> + *
> + * Bound the loop by the worst-case number of CPU cycles that can occur during
> + * three distinct counter periods.
> + */
> +#define __sun50i_a64_read_reg(reg) ({					\
> +	u64 _val;							\
> +	int _retries = 150;						\
> +									\
> +	do {								\
> +		_val = read_sysreg(reg);				\
> +		_retries--;						\
> +	} while (((_val + 1) & GENMASK(10, 0)) <= 1 && _retries);	\
> +									\
> +	WARN_ON_ONCE(!_retries);					\
> +	_val;								\
> +})
> +
> +static u64 notrace sun50i_a64_read_cntpct_el0(void)
> +{
> +	return __sun50i_a64_read_reg(cntpct_el0);
> +}
> +
> +static u64 notrace sun50i_a64_read_cntvct_el0(void)
> +{
> +	return __sun50i_a64_read_reg(cntvct_el0);
> +}
> +#endif
> +
>  #ifdef CONFIG_ARM_ARCH_TIMER_OOL_WORKAROUND
>  DEFINE_PER_CPU(const struct arch_timer_erratum_workaround *, timer_unstable_counter_workaround);
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(timer_unstable_counter_workaround);
> @@ -408,6 +442,15 @@ static const struct arch_timer_erratum_workaround ool_workarounds[] = {
>  		.read_cntvct_el0 = arm64_858921_read_cntvct_el0,
>  	},
>  #endif
> +#ifdef CONFIG_SUN50I_A64_UNSTABLE_TIMER
> +	{
> +		.match_type = ate_match_dt,
> +		.id = "allwinner,sun50i-a64-unstable-timer",
> +		.desc = "Allwinner A64 timer instability",
> +		.read_cntpct_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntpct_el0,
> +		.read_cntvct_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntvct_el0,
> +	},
> +#endif
>  };
>  
>  typedef bool (*ate_match_fn_t)(const struct arch_timer_erratum_workaround *,
> 

As we discussed last week, it is likely that this is not enough to 
address all the problems with this wonderful piece of kit. I strongly
suspect that TVAL read/write is affected as well, due to the implicit
counter read, so it needs to be emulated in SW as well. Something like:

diff --git a/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c b/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
index 4fba50716bda..11d9b53d19da 100644
--- a/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
+++ b/drivers/clocksource/arm_arch_timer.c
@@ -351,6 +351,16 @@ static u64 notrace sun50i_a64_read_cntvct_el0(void)
 {
 	return __sun50i_a64_read_reg(cntvct_el0);
 }
+
+static u32 sun50i_a64_read_cntp_tval_el0(void)
+{
+	return read_sysreg(cntp_cval_el0) - sun50i_a64_read_cntpct_el0();
+}
+
+static u32 sun50i_a64_read_cntv_tval_el0(void)
+{
+	return read_sysreg(cntv_cval_el0) - sun50i_a64_read_cntvct_el0();
+}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_ARM_ARCH_TIMER_OOL_WORKAROUND
@@ -447,8 +457,12 @@ static const struct arch_timer_erratum_workaround ool_workarounds[] = {
 		.match_type = ate_match_dt,
 		.id = "allwinner,sun50i-a64-unstable-timer",
 		.desc = "Allwinner A64 timer instability",
+		.read_cntp_tval_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntp_tval_el0,
+		.read_cntv_tval_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntv_tval_el0,
 		.read_cntpct_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntpct_el0,
 		.read_cntvct_el0 = sun50i_a64_read_cntvct_el0,
+		.set_next_event_phys = erratum_set_next_event_tval_phys,
+		.set_next_event_virt = erratum_set_next_event_tval_virt,
 	},
 #endif
 };

which is of course completely untested. Let me know if that helps
making the system behave.

Thanks,

	M.